Organic fertilizer improves soil structure and enhances soil fertility, making it an indispensable resource for eco-friendly agriculture.The industrial production process for organic fertilizer follows a standardized workflow, consisting of six primary stages: raw material pretreatment, composting/fermentation, maturation/curing, crushing and screening, granulation (followed by drying and cooling), and final screening and packaging. Each of these steps directly influences the quality of the finished fertilizer product.
Raw material pretreatment serves as the foundation. Common feedstocks—such as livestock and poultry manure, crop straw, fungal substrate residues, and wood chips—must first be cleared of impurities like plastics and stones. Manure, which typically has a high moisture content, undergoes solid-liquid separation, while fibrous materials like straw and branches are processed through a crusher. The materials are then blended to achieve an optimal carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, with moisture adjusted to 50%–60%. Fermentation microbial agents are introduced to facilitate a steady rise in temperature and ensure uniform decomposition, preventing fermentation failure.
Composting (fermentation) is the core stage. The prepared materials are arranged into windrows (long piles) and turned periodically using a compost turner to supply oxygen. Maintaining a temperature above 55°C for a specific duration effectively eliminates insect eggs, pathogens, and weed seeds. Throughout the process, temperature and moisture levels are continuously monitored; the piles are turned to lower the temperature if it becomes too high, or water is added if the material becomes too dry. After more than ten days of high-temperature fermentation, complex organic molecules are broken down, and unpleasant odors are significantly reduced.
Once fermentation is complete, the material enters the maturation (curing) phase. It is moved to a maturation area to rest and stabilize. During this stage, the temperature gradually decreases, and organic matter continues to undergo stable transformation. Properly matured organic fertilizer will not undergo secondary fermentation or cause "root burn" when applied to the soil; its nutrients are released in a gentler, more stable manner. This step is crucial for ensuring the safety of the fertilizer.
After maturation, the material is crushed and screened. Clumps and incompletely decomposed coarse particles are sent to a crusher for further refinement. The material then passes through a rotary screen, which separates out large impurities and undecomposed residues—these are returned to the beginning of the process for further fermentation. The fine material that passes through the screen serves as the base for powdered organic fertilizer. If producing powdered organic fertilizer, the material can proceed directly to quality inspection after the screening stage.
To produce granular organic fertilizer—which is easier to transport and apply—the powdered material must be fed into a new type organic fertilizer granulator. The resulting wet granules are first passed through a dryer to reduce moisture content, then through a cooler to lower their temperature, preventing spoilage or clumping during storage. The cooled granules undergo a final round of screening; any substandard particles or fragments are returned to the granulation stage for reprocessing.
The final steps are testing and packaging. The product is tested for nutrient content, organic matter, moisture levels, and potential harmful substances. Once approved, the fertilizer is processed by automated packaging equipment, weighed into bags, sealed, and moved to storage.
This entire process—transforming waste into high-quality organic fertilizer—enables the resource-efficient utilization of livestock manure and crop straw. It not only mitigates environmental pollution but also yields a product that nourishes the soil, aligning perfectly with the development goals of ecological agriculture.
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