Incomplete fermentation of organic fertilizer is a "hidden trap" for growers. In the organic fertilizer production process, this problem not only prevents the material from exerting its fertilizing effect but can also breed pathogens, burn roots and seedlings, and cause losses to agricultural production. Understanding the causes of incomplete fermentation and solutions is key to ensuring the quality of organic fertilizer.
There are three main reasons for incomplete fermentation. First, an imbalance in the carbon-nitrogen ratio, which is the most common factor. Excessive carbon sources such as straw and sawdust, or excessive nitrogen sources such as chicken manure and sheep manure, will disrupt the balance of microbial activity, leading to fermentation stagnation. Second, improper moisture control. Moisture below 50% will cause a sharp drop in microbial activity, while above 65% will create an anaerobic environment, promoting the growth of putrefactive bacteria rather than beneficial bacteria. Third, untimely turning of the compost pile. Once the oxygen inside the fermentation pile is depleted, aerobic microorganisms cannot function, and fermentation will naturally be incomplete.
Scientific intervention is the solution to these problems and an indispensable part of the organic fertilizer making process. First, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio must be precisely adjusted. Mix straw and livestock manure in a 3:1 ratio. If the carbon source is insufficient, add rice husks; if the nitrogen source is insufficient, supplement with well-rotted manure, ensuring the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is maintained within the golden range of 25:1 to 30:1. Second, moisture content must be strictly controlled. The material should clump together when squeezed in your hand without dripping water between your fingers, and crumble easily when dropped. At this moisture level, approximately 55% is optimal for microbial growth.
Management during fermentation is equally important. In the early stages of fermentation, turn the pile every 3 days, extending this to 5 days later. Turning the pile replenishes oxygen and improves its permeability. If the pile temperature drops below 50℃, add fermentation agents to activate the microorganisms, and simultaneously cover with plastic film to maintain the temperature between 55℃ and 65℃. This temperature range kills pathogens and insect eggs and promotes complete fermentation.
A good way to determine if fermentation is complete is when the material turns dark brown, has no obvious odor, feels loose to the touch, and the temperature drops to room temperature. The production of organic fertilizer through fermentation is a delicate process. Only by precisely controlling the ratio, moisture, and ventilation can "waste" truly be transformed into "good fertilizer," providing safe and effective nutrient support for crop growth.
