In the production of organic fertilizer, fermentation and composting is the core process that determines fertilizer quality. Its purpose is not merely simple material decomposition, but a systematic optimization process that achieves efficient nutrient utilization, eliminates potential hazards, and adapts to soil ecology, which is of great significance to sustainable agricultural development.
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The primary purpose of fermentation and composting is to transform nutrient forms and improve absorption efficiency. In uncomposted organic fertilizers (such as straw and livestock manure), nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium exist mostly in organic forms, which are difficult for crop roots to absorb directly. Through microbial decomposition, organic nutrients are converted into readily available ammonium nitrogen and readily available phosphorus, while releasing trace elements such as calcium and magnesium, making nutrients easier for crops to absorb and utilize, avoiding the waste of resources from ineffective fertilization, and laying a solid foundation for the effectiveness of organic fertilizer production.
Secondly, fermentation and composting can eliminate harmful substances and ensure crop safety. Fresh organic fertilizer contains a large number of pathogens, insect eggs, and weed seeds. Direct application can lead to the spread of pests and diseases, weed growth, and affect crop growth. The high temperatures generated during fermentation (typically reaching 55-65℃) effectively kill harmful organisms. Simultaneously, microorganisms decompose pollutants such as antibiotics and heavy metal complexes in livestock manure, reducing the safety risks to soil and crops, and producing green and safe organic fertilizer. This is an indispensable harmless treatment step in organic fertilizer production process.
Furthermore, fermentation improves the properties of the material, making it suitable for the soil environment. Untreated organic fertilizer has a messy texture and poor aeration; direct application may lead to soil compaction and affect root respiration. During fermentation, the material is decomposed and aggregated by microorganisms to form humus, which not only improves soil aggregate structure and enhances water and fertilizer retention capacity but also regulates soil pH, creating a suitable environment for microbial activity and crop growth. At the same time, fermented organic fertilizer has a mild odor, avoiding the foul smell of fresh manure and improving the application experience.
In summary, fermentation and composting are key steps in the organic fertilizer production line. Through nutrient conversion, harmless treatment, and property improvement, it not only ensures the fertilizer's effectiveness and safety but also improves the soil ecology, providing high-quality soil conditioners and nutrient sources for agricultural production. It is an important technical support for promoting the development of ecological agriculture.
