In the organic fertilizer production process, turning management is hailed as the "core process of activity regulation," its quality directly determining whether organic materials can be efficiently converted into high-quality fertilizer. Reasonable turning operations not only optimize the material composting environment but also reduce nutrient loss and shorten the production cycle, serving as a crucial bridge connecting raw material pretreatment and finished product processing.
The core functions of turning are reflected in three aspects. First, oxygen supply regulation: the composting of organic materials relies on the activity of aerobic microorganisms. Turning breaks up the compacted layer of materials, introducing air into the pile to meet the respiration needs of microorganisms and prevent the production of harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide during anaerobic fermentation. Second, temperature control: turning mixes the low-temperature materials on the surface of the pile with the high-temperature materials in the core, maintaining a uniform temperature within the optimal composting range of 55-65℃. This kills pathogens and weed seeds while preventing high temperatures from scorching beneficial microorganisms. Finally, material homogenization: turning ensures that key indicators such as carbon-nitrogen ratio and moisture are evenly distributed within the pile, ensuring simultaneous progress in the composting process and avoiding localized under-composting or over-composting.
Scientific composting requires controlling three key parameters. First, the timing of turning: Turn the compost promptly when the temperature rises above 70℃ or remains above 65℃ for three consecutive days. Extend the turning interval when the temperature is below 50℃. Simultaneously, monitor the material's moisture content, maintaining it between 55% and 60%. If the moisture content is too high, turn the compost to dissipate excess moisture; if it's too low, add water and then turn. Second, the frequency of turning: In the early stages of composting, microbial activity is high, so it's recommended to turn the compost every 2-3 days. In the middle stages, as the composting rate slows, this can be extended to once every 4-5 days. In the later stages, during the post-fermentation phase, turning every 7-10 days is sufficient. Third, the depth and intensity of turning: Ensure the compost turning machine reaches the bottom of the compost pile, bringing the bottom material to the surface. After turning, maintain a pile height of 1.2-1.5 meters to ensure both aeration and temperature maintenance.
Further optimization is needed in actual operation. Before turning the compost pile, check the pH value of the material and maintain it within the suitable range of 6.5-8.0. Add conditioners if necessary. The compost turning machine should operate at a uniform speed to avoid excessive material spillage and nutrient loss. After turning on rainy days, cover the pile with a film promptly to prevent nitrogen leaching. To address the common problem of low pile temperature, increase the proportion of high-carbon materials and increase the turning intensity to improve aeration. If excessive odor occurs, replenish moisture promptly and increase the turning frequency to promote the emission of harmful gases.
The production of organic fertilizer relies on meticulous turning management. By precisely controlling the timing, frequency, and intensity of turning, and optimizing the material composting environment, both fertilizer quality and production efficiency can be improved, providing a solid guarantee for green agricultural development.
