Organic fertilizer fermentation is a crucial process in converting organic matter into high-quality fertilizer. The fermentation time is not a fixed value but is influenced by a variety of factors. Properly controlling the fermentation time directly affects the fertilizer quality and its effectiveness.
The raw material ratio is the core factor affecting fermentation time. A carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 25:1-30:1 results in the fastest fermentation. For example, a mixture of straw and livestock manure at a 3:1 ratio typically requires 45-60 days to complete fermentation. If the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is unbalanced, such as pure straw fermentation with excessively high carbon content, the fermentation time may extend to over 90 days. Conversely, pure manure with excessively high nitrogen content is prone to producing foul odors and incomplete fermentation. The degree of raw material crushing is also crucial. Materials with a particle size of less than 2 cm have a larger contact area, which can shorten the fermentation time by 10-15 days. Larger raw materials require an additional extended fermentation period.
The fermentation environment is equally critical. Microbial activity is strongest and the fermentation cycle is shortest when the temperature is controlled between 55-65℃. Maintaining this temperature for 5-7 days can effectively kill pathogens and insect eggs. If the ambient temperature is below 15℃, microbial activity is limited, fermentation may stop, and the time may need to be extended to 120 days or even longer. Humidity should be maintained at 55%-65%. Too dry a humidity level requires frequent watering, while too wet a humidity level requires turning the compost pile to dissipate moisture, both of which indirectly increase the fermentation time.
Scientific management can significantly shorten the fermentation time, and this step is particularly important in organic fertilizer production process. Using a compost turner to turn the compost pile regularly, 1-2 times per week, can increase aeration, promote microbial reproduction, and shorten the fermentation cycle by 20%-30%. Adding fermentation agents can further accelerate the process; specialized compound agents can compress the fermentation time to 30-45 days. Modern organic fertilizer production lines use intelligent temperature control, automatic turning, and other equipment to precisely regulate fermentation conditions, further optimizing fermentation efficiency and ensuring a stable and controllable fermentation process. In addition, the size of the compost pile should be moderate; a pile of 3-5 cubic meters provides good heat and moisture retention, resulting in higher fermentation efficiency.
To determine if fermentation is complete, besides considering the time, observe the state of the material: a dark brown or black color, loose texture, and no off-odors with a slightly earthy smell indicate sufficient fermentation. Insufficient fermentation time will cause uncomposted organic fertilizer to undergo secondary fermentation in the soil, generating high temperatures that can burn crop roots; excessive fermentation will lead to nutrient loss and reduced fertilizer effectiveness.
Understanding the time pattern of organic fertilizer fermentation and scientifically controlling it in conjunction with the characteristics of raw materials and environmental conditions can ensure fertilizer quality and improve production efficiency, providing strong support for sustainable agricultural development.
